Colorectal Cancer

It includes cancers of the colon, rectum, cecum, appendix and anus.
Colorectal cancer is the most common type of cancer among all gastrointestinal system cancers. It includes cancers of the colon, rectum, cecum, appendix and anus. Every year, 1.9 million new cases are diagnosed with colorectal cancer worldwide. It ranks 4th among the cancer types diagnosed in the USA (10-15% of all cancers are colorectal cancer). Blood in the stool, changes in bowel movements, weight loss and feeling tired are symptoms suggestive of colon cancer. Advanced age, male gender, diet, genetics, intestinal diseases, chemical carcinogens, smoking and alcohol use are risk factors for colon cancer.

Colon cancer treatment varies according to the stage of the disease. Basically, surgical treatment, chemotherapy and radiotherapy can be applied. Early-stage operations include polyp resection during colonoscopy, endoscopic mucosal resection, and minimally invasive surgery. Operations for invasive colon cancer are partial colectomy and lymph node resection. Different surgical techniques can be applied for more advanced stages. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted drug therapies and immunotherapies are the methods used in the treatment of colon cancer.

References

  1. Colon Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Health Professional Version. PMID: 26389297. National Cancer Institute (US); 2002. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/understanding/what-is-cancer/defining-cancer-video. Accessed on 06 Aug 2023.

  2. World Cancer Report: Cancer Research for Cancer Prevention 2020. World Health Organization. 2020. pp. Chapter 5.5.

  3. Colorectal Cancer Prevention (PDQ®): Health Professional Version. PMID: 26389222. National Cancer Institute (US); 2002.

  4. Siegel, RL.Trends in Colorectal Cancer Incidence Rates in the United States by Tumor Location and Stage, 1992–2008. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2012 Mar;21(3):411-6.

  5. Davidson, KW. Screening for Colorectal Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2021 May 18;325(19):1965-1977.

  6. Thorat, MA.Role of aspirin in cancer prevention. Curr Oncol Rep. 2013 Dec;15(6):533-40.

  7. Cunningham D, et al.  Colorectal cancer. Lancet 375 (9719): 1030–47.

  8. Stein A, et al. Current standards and new trends in the primary treatment of colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer. 2011 Sep;47 Suppl 3:S312-4.

  9. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/colon-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353674. Accessed on Aug. 6, 2023.

  10. Niederhuber JE, et al., eds. Colorectal cancer. In: Abeloff's Clinical Oncology. 6th ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier; 2014.

  11. Colon Cancer. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology.Version 2.2023 — April 25, 2023 Colon cancer treatment (PDQ)–Patient Version. PMID: 26389319. National Cancer Institute (US); 2002.

  12. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/colorectal-cancer-epidemiology-risk-factors-and-protective-factors#H1974796827. Accessed on Aug. 6, 2023.

  13. O'Keefe SJD, et al. Fat, fibre and cancer risk in African Americans and rural Africans. Nature Communications. 2015;6:6342.

Diseases

The information provided on this site is not for diagnostic or medical advice, but for informational purposes. If you have or think you have a disease to be treated, consult a specialist physician.

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